The diversity and evolution of pollination systems in large plant clades: Apocynaceae as a case study

Background and Aims Large clades of angiosperms are often characterized by diverse interactions with pollinators, but how these pollination systems are structured phylogenetically and biogeographically is still uncertain for most families. Apocynaceae is a clade of >5300 species with a worldwide distribution. A database representing >10 % of species in the family was used to explore the diversity of pollinators and evolutionary shifts in pollination systems across major clades and regions. Methods The database was compiled from published and unpublished reports. Plants were categorized into broad pollination systems and then subdivided to include bimodal systems. These were mapped against the five major divisions of the family, and against the smaller clades. Finally, pollination systems were mapped onto a phylogenetic reconstruction that included those species for which sequence data are available, and transition rates between pollination systems were calculated. Key Results Most Apocynaceae are insect pollinated with few records of bird pollination. Almost three-quarters of species are pollinated by a single higher taxon (e.g. flies or moths); 7 % have bimodal pollination systems, whilst the remaining approx. 20 % are insect generalists. The less phenotypically specialized flowers of the Rauvolfioids are pollinated by a more restricted set of pollinators than are more complex flowers within the Apocynoids + Periplocoideae + Secamonoideae + Asclepiadoideae (APSA) clade. Certain combinations of bimodal pollination systems are more common than others. Some pollination systems are missing from particular regions, whilst others are over-represented. Conclusions Within Apocynaceae, interactions with pollinators are highly structured both phylogenetically and biogeographically. Variation in transition rates between pollination systems suggest constraints on their evolution, whereas regional differences point to environmental effects such as filtering of certain pollinators from habitats. This is the most extensive analysis of its type so far attempted and gives important insights into the diversity and evolution of pollination systems in large clades

Duverger, C. — La Méso-Amérique. Art et archéologie

Paradis Louise I. Duverger, C. — La Méso-Amérique. Art et archéologie. In: Journal de la Société des Américanistes. Tome 86, 2000. pp. 231-234

TALADOIRE, E. et B. FAUGERE-KALFON. — Archéologie et art précolombiens : la Mésoamérique

Paradis Louise I. TALADOIRE, E. et B. FAUGERE-KALFON. — Archéologie et art précolombiens : la Mésoamérique. In: Journal de la Société des Américanistes. Tome 82, 1996. pp. 370-373

Gay, C. & F. Pratt, (ed). — Mezcala. Ancient stone sculpture from Guerrero, Mexico

Paradis Louise I. Gay, C. & F. Pratt, (ed). — Mezcala. Ancient stone sculpture from Guerrero, Mexico. In: Journal de la Société des Américanistes. Tome 79, 1993. pp. 260-264

Gay, C. & F. Pratt, (ed). — Mezcala. Ancient stone sculpture from Guerrero, Mexico

Paradis Louise I. Gay, C. & F. Pratt, (ed). — Mezcala. Ancient stone sculpture from Guerrero, Mexico. In: Journal de la Société des Américanistes. Tome 79, 1993. pp. 260-264

Le cacao précolombien : monnaie d'échange et breuvage des dieux

Cacao crop was cultivated in Meso-America at the pre-columbian period. Cacao beans were used not only for the preparation of a beverage, but also as a currency. In addition, cacao was ritually absorbed, or presented as an offering during various ceremonies.Paradis Louise. Le cacao précolombien : monnaie d'échange et breuvage des dieux. In: Journal d'agriculture traditionnelle et de botanique appliquée, 26ᵉ année, bulletin n°3-4, Juillet-décembre 1979. Cacao, cacaoyer, chocolat. pp. 181-199

Duverger, C. — La Méso-Amérique. Art et archéologie

Paradis Louise I. Duverger, C. — La Méso-Amérique. Art et archéologie. In: Journal de la Société des Américanistes. Tome 86, 2000. pp. 231-234

TALADOIRE, E. et B. FAUGERE-KALFON. — Archéologie et art précolombiens : la Mésoamérique

Paradis Louise I. TALADOIRE, E. et B. FAUGERE-KALFON. — Archéologie et art précolombiens : la Mésoamérique. In: Journal de la Société des Américanistes. Tome 82, 1996. pp. 370-373